Category Archives: CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

Ancient Coins, ancient gold coins, Ancient World Coins, bronze coins, Chalkon, CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series, Double Daric, Electrum Hekte, Featured News, Gold Stater, Mike Markowitz, Obol, Persian Coins, Recent Articles & Video, tetradrachms, tetrobols

Satraps: Ancient Coins of the Persian Governors

October 4, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE of Persia founded by Cyrus the Great (ruled 559-530 BCE) was eventually conquered (330 BCE) by Alexander the Great. Achaemenid kings ruled their vast, multi-ethnic state through a system of appointed governors or satraps, recruited mainly from a narrow elite of closely related Iranian […]

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Oh, You Kid: Goats on Ancient Coins

September 7, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. GOATS WERE FIRST domesticated as long as 11,000 years ago, probably in the Zagros Mountains of Iran (Daly, 1). The goat (Capra hircus) became a vital and much-loved element of ancient Greek agriculture, providing milk, meat, wool, and skins. Sure-footed goats easily managed the rugged mountainous terrain […]

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Good Dad, Bad Son: Disappointing Heirs of Great Rulers

June 23, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. HISTORY IS LITTERED with great and wise rulers who fathered heirs who were monsters or idiots: sons who just plain turned out wrong. The coins of these rulers illustrate these stories, perhaps offering us some insight into how such good fathers raised such bad sons. Eucratides and […]

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Born Into the Purple: The Coinage of Constantine VII

May 26, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. His constitution was sickly and he was indeed invalid throughout his life. His father’s birth was doubtful; and he was himself born out of regular wedlock, although his legitimacy was afterwards grudgingly recognized. From his eighth to his 16th year he was the pawn, by turns of […]

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Bulgar Slayer: The Coinage of Basil II

March 16, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. No lonelier man ever occupied the Byzantine throne – or any other, for that matter. Basil was ugly, dirty, coarse, boorish, totally philistine and almost pathologically mean. He was, in short, profoundly un-Byzantine. And all these things, one suspects, he would have readily admitted. He was not concerned with […]

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The Coins of Carthage During Hannibal’s War With Rome

February 28, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. BORN IN 247 BCE at Carthage (near modern Tunis in North Africa), Hannibal Barca[1] is remembered as one of the greatest military commanders of ancient history. His father, Hamilcar Barca[2] (lived 275-228 BCE), led Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the 23 year-long First Punic War, defeating a revolt by […]

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The Coins of Carthage During Hannibal’s War With Rome

February 28, 2023 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. BORN IN 247 BCE at Carthage (near modern Tunis in North Africa), Hannibal Barca[1] is remembered as one of the greatest military commanders of ancient history. His father, Hamilcar Barca[2] (lived 275-228 BCE), led Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the 23 year-long First Punic War, defeating a revolt […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Money Before Coinage

October 13, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. The Incas had rivers full of gold and mountains full of silver, and they used gold and silver for art and for worship, but they never invented money because it was a fiction they had no use for. (Goldstein, 4) THE CLASSIC DEFINITION of money found in most Economics […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of the Celtiberians

August 31, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. AT THE BEGINNING of recorded history, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by a variety of peoples. Iberians, who spoke a non-Indo-European language that might – or might not – be related to modern Basque, lived along the Mediterranean coast. Along the Atlantic coast lived Lusitanians[1], a warlike tribe that […]

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Eroticism on Ancient Coins (Adults Only)

August 18, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. THROUGH A LONG chain of pious frauds and medieval myth-making, the February 14 feast day of St. Valentine, an obscure third-century martyr, became a day for celebrating romantic Love in Western popular culture. It may be no surprise to the reader that classical numismatics has relatively […]

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Metal Monsters: The Biggest Ancient Coins

July 27, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …… IN 2007, CANADA captured a world record by producing five examples of a 100-kilogram gold piece (220.5 pounds, or a bit over 3215 troy ounces). It was 53 centimeters in diameter (21 inches) and three centimeters thick, denominated at one million Canadian dollars. “Why did the Royal […]

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Snakes on Ancient Coins

July 19, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. This reptile, as an image of divinity and of nature, is figured both in its natural shape, and under a variety of monstrous and imaginary forms, on a great multitude of coins of Greek cities … It is less frequently found on coins with Latin inscriptions, but still there […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Julian the Apostate

June 2, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. Apostate: (noun) a person who forsakes his religion, cause, party, etc.[1] REMEMBERED AS THE “Apostate” by his enemies, and “the Philosopher” by his friends, Flavius Claudius Julianus–or Julian–ruled as Roman emperor from November 3, 361 CE until his death on June 26, 363. On the list of emperors, […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Family of Constantine the Great

April 20, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. Constantine’s family was large and complex. Both he and his father had sired children with two different women, thus creating three branches [of] the Constantinian family. Most remote to Constantine was the step-family created by his father and most immediate were the two branches of direct descendants he had […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Coinage of Claudius

March 24, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. I, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus This-that-and-the-other (for I shall not trouble you yet with all my titles,) who was once, and not so long ago either, known to my friends and relatives and associates as “Claudius the Idiot,” or “That Claudius,” or “Claudius the Stammerer,” or “Clau-Clau-Claudius,” or […]

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The Quinarius: An Ancient Roman Coin You’ve Never Heard of

February 22, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. ANCIENT ROME ISSUED coins for almost eight centuries. Among the bewildering variety of denominations that circulated during this long span of time, the quinarius stands out as one of the most obscure. Struck in both gold and silver, the type is so scarce that many experienced collectors […]

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Short Timers on Ancient Coins: The Briefest Reigns of Roman Emperors

February 10, 2022 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. —Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part II (1597) ROMAN EMPERORS RARELY wore an actual crown. They are more commonly shown wearing a laurel wreath or a diadem, the jeweled headband that was an ancient emblem of royalty. But the mortality statistics […]

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The Hole Truth: Ancient Coins That Were Pierced

December 30, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Don’t buy damaged coins. They will be impossible to sell. This was some of the best advice I ever got from an experienced collector of ancients. But like most things in classical numismatics, there are exceptions. Ancient coins were sometimes pierced with a hole, to be worn […]

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The Ancient Celtic Coinage of Britain

December 13, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. FOR ANCIENT GREEKS and Romans, Britain was a mysterious land at the northern edge of the world. As early as 2000 BCE, the Phoenicians traded with the Celtic tribes of Cornwall (the southwestern tip of England) for the valuable tin essential to making bronze. By the third […]

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Online Resources for Researching Ancient Coins

November 22, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. For many collectors of classic and modern American coins, the only information resource they need is the old, reliable “Red Book”, which will mark its 75th anniversary in 2022. Collectors of ancient coins, however, face a problem that is considerably more complex. With thousands of types issued […]

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The Archaic Smile on Ancient Coins

November 9, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Mona Lisa must have had the highway blues, You can tell by the way she smiled… — Bob Dylan, “Visions of Johanna”, Blonde on Blonde (1966) ANCIENT GREEK COINS struck before 500 BCE are called “archaic” by numismatists. Actually, archaic features continue to appear on coins for […]

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Music on Ancient Coins

October 21, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. MUSIC IS MUCH older than civilization — it may be as old as language itself. The earliest known musical instrument, a flute made from a bear’s shinbone found in 1995 in a cave in Slovenia, dates from 43,000 years ago[1]. In the ancient world, musical instruments played […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Coinage of Trebizond

October 12, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. The coinage of Trebizond supplies an instance, not very rare in numismatics, of a currency of great abundance remaining unknown, or practically unknown, to collectors for several centuries (Wroth, lxxiv). “…the coinage of the empire of Trebizond, that Cinderella of the late Byzantine coinage (Bendall, 4).” THE SOUTHERN SHORE […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Last Ancient Coin

October 1, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. “What was the last ancient coin?” The question is unanswerable. There was no “last” ancient coin, just as there was no “last” ancient person. Classical antiquity didn’t just stop — it morphed gradually into the medieval world, which morphed, in turn, into what we understand as the modern […]

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Trees on Ancient Coins

September 16, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. MOST ANCIENT PEOPLE lived close to nature. Long before they built temples of stone, they worshipped their gods in sacred groves[1]. Greeks myths describe trees inhabited by supernatural spirits called dryads[2], who could take the form of beautiful young women. The ancient Mediterranean world was a much […]

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Weapons on Ancient Coins

September 2, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. ANCIENT GREEK ARMIES fought mainly with the spear. Roman legions fought mostly with the sword. Persians fought largely with the bow and arrow[1]. The mythical warrior Herakles (or Hercules) wielded a knobby wooden club. All these weapons, and many others, feature prominently on ancient coins. War was […]

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Eagles on Ancient Coins

June 25, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Majestic, powerful, swift, and intelligent, the eagle has held a strong grip on human imagination since the earliest times. The bald eagle, native to North America, features prominently on the Great Seal of the United States, and on many classic and modern American coins. The U.S. $10 […]

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Temples on Ancient Coins

June 4, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Temples were designed to house a statue of the deity and store votive offerings, and were not intended to provide accommodation for a congregation of worshippers (Adkins, 218). Two of the most common circulating American coins depict buildings modeled on Greco-Roman temples: the Lincoln Memorial on the […]

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Crown of Iron: Coins of the Lombard Kings

May 13, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. THE LOMBARDS, A tribe that traced their origin to Scandinavia, migrated into Eastern Europe in the fifth century CE, earning a reputation for ferocity in that war-torn land. Under their king Alboin (reigned c. 560-572), they invaded northern Italy around 568, where their name endures today in […]

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CoinWeek Podcast #157: The History of Numismatics

May 3, 2021 CoinWeek Leave a comment

CoinWeek Podcast #157: The History of Numismatics Mobile phone users. Stream this podcast for free by downloading the podomatic app or subscribe to the CoinWeek Podcast on iTunes. The study of coins and non-coin objects–numismatics–traces its roots back to the ancient world and began with a study of non-current coins and medals, many pulled from the […]

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The Coinage of Ancient Mauretania

April 2, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. ANCIENT MAURETANIA WAS a region of coastal North Africa stretching from modern-day Algeria to Morocco. It should not be confused with the modern West African nation of Mauritania (spelled differently). The inhabitants of Mauretania were ancestors of the modern people known as Berbers[1]. The Greeks knew them […]

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The Coinage of Ancient Numidia

February 9, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. NORTH AFRICA IN antiquity was a greener place. Climate change and centuries of deforestation and overgrazing have caused extensive desertification of lands that once fed and sustained ancient empires. The kingdom of Numidia, which emerged in the third century BCE in parts of Tunisia and […]

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A Numismatist at War: Max von Bahrfeldt

January 12, 2021 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. …[T]he Army had become the most popular, most admired, and most respected and most influential entity in the new German Empire. …To most Germans their Army – the Emperor’s Army – represented stability as well as honor and glory (Dupuy, 110). The study of ancient coins is usually regarded […]

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Reading Ancient Roman Coins

December 8, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. ANCIENT ROMANS WERE practical-minded people; they didn’t like wasted effort. Every letter on an ancient Roman coin die was painstakingly engraved by hand, so inscriptions on Roman coins are often heavily abbreviated. Generations of classical scholars have toiled to unravel the meaning of these cryptic abbreviations, so we can […]

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The Coinage of Rhegium

November 30, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. FOR CENTURIES, THE narrow Strait of Messina that separates Sicily from the toe of Italy has been a crossroads of history. The town of Rhegium[1] (or Rhegion, today Reggio di Calabria) located on the Italian side of the Strait, was one of the first Greek […]

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Reading Ancient Greek Coins

October 21, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. Perhaps one reason for the comparatively small interest in Greek coins in the country is the difficulty of understanding their inscriptions. This difficulty is not as great as might be supposed… (Pennington, 1) MODERN AMERICAN COINS are required by law to include quite a lot of text[1]. For example, […]

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Money People Hated: Damnatio Memoriae on Ancient Roman Coins

September 22, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. yimakh shemo ve zikhro יִמַּח שְׁמוֹ וְזִכְרוֹ (“Let his name and his memory be erased”) — ancient Hebrew curse ANCIENT COINS OFTEN took a beating in circulation, remaining in use for decades or even centuries. But some surviving coins seem to have been deliberately defaced […]

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CoinWeek Podcast #141: Precious Metals in Antiquity (with Mike Markowitz)

September 7, 2020 CoinWeek Leave a comment

CoinWeek Podcast #141: Precious Metals in Antiquity (with Mike Markowitz) Mobile phone users. Stream this podcast for free by downloading the podomatic app or subscribe to the CoinWeek Podcast on iTunes. Today on the Coinweek Podcast, CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series expert Mike Markowitz returns this week for another solo show. In this episode, Mike takes a […]

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Athens Before the Owls: The Wappenmünzen Coins – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

August 21, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. Thanks to rich silver deposits discovered at Laurion[1] in Attica in 483 BCE, the abundant “owl” tetradrachms of Athens became the dominant trade coin in the ancient world for over a century. But the Athenians had issued a variety of silver coins beginning around the year 560 BCE during […]

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Coinage of King Pyrrhus – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

August 6, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. EPIRUS IS A rugged corner of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It emerged as an independent kingdom in the fourth century BCE, a time when other contemporary Greeks regarded the region’s tribes as “semi-barbarian”. About 319 BCE a prince of Epirus was born, named Pyrrhus, whose father was a […]

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Coins of Herod the Great – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

July 28, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. IN BIBLICAL HISTORY and popular legend, Herod “the Great”, Rome’s client king of Judaea from 40 to 4 BCE, is an evil tyrant. But ironically, the atrocity he is best remembered for–the “Massacre of the Innocents” (Matthew, 2:16–18)–probably never happened. Herod was born about 73 BCE. Herod’s wealthy father, […]

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Byzantine Coinage of the Empress Irene – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

July 21, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. ATHENS IN THE eighth century was a provincial small town living on memories of past glories. But its aristocrats were proud of their daughters, reputedly the most talented and beautiful women in the Eastern Roman (“Byzantine”) empire. When Emperor Constantine V needed a bride for his son and heir, […]

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The Byzantine Anonymous Follis – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

July 13, 2020 CoinWeek IQ Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, gold and silver were the coinage of the elite, but humble copper was the coinage of the common folk. For over 120 years, the single denomination of copper coinage issued by the Eastern Roman (“Byzantine”) Empire was “Anonymous”. The Anonymous follis did not bear […]

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One of a Kind: Some Unique Ancient Coins

July 8, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. “This is a very rare coin; only two examples known! Unfortunately, the only guy in the world who cares has the other one.” — Classic Numismatic Joke (source unknown) “Unique” means one of a kind. The ultimate rarity. The rarest anything can be. This designation, […]

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The Gaius & Lucius Denarius of Augustus – CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series

June 29, 2020 CoinWeek IQ Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. A BRILLIANT ORGANIZER and commander, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa[1] engineered Octavian’s rise to supreme power in the waning days of the Roman Republic. Agrippa’s two sons with his wife Julia, Octavian’s only daughter, were Gaius Caesar[2] (born 20 BCE) and Lucius Caesar[3] (born 17 BCE). Gaius and Lucius would […]

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Coinage of the Mughals

June 3, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. The Mughal (or “Moghul“[1]) Empire ruled much of South Asia for over three centuries. Mughal emperors accumulated vast wealth, with an economy based on a stable and abundant coinage in gold, silver and copper. They commissioned magnificent buildings and works of art – including some of the largest, costliest, […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Travels With Hadrian

March 12, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, TRAVEL was hazardous and uncomfortable, even for the elite. Yet remarkably, the Roman emperor Hadrian spent half of his 21-year reign on the road, visiting almost every province of the vast empire. The mint celebrated these grand tours with extensive coinage in gold, silver and […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of the Vikings

February 27, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. On JUNE 8, 793, A BAND of Norse raiders sacked Lindisfarne, a monastery on the Holy Island off the northeast coast of England. Historians date this as the beginning of the Viking Age. And over the next three centuries, these fierce Scandinavian warriors shaped much […]

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Mythical Monsters on Ancient Coins

February 14, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. Fairy tales do not tell children the dragons exist. Children already know that dragons exist. Fairy tales tell children that dragons can be killed. ― G.K. Chesterton, a la Criminal Minds (CBS, 2007) CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY IS FILLED with monsters. For the civilizations of the ancient […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of the Nabataeans

January 13, 2020 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. …[G]reat must have been the opulence of a city, which could dedicate such monuments to the memory of its rulers… (Burckhardt, 431) IN 2019, OVER A MILLION tourists visited the spectacular ancient site of Petra in the Jordanian desert, about 98 miles (157 km) south of Jerusalem. Surrounded […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – Ravenna: From Imperial Capital to Byzantine Outpost

December 17, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. …the sick promenade while the doctors lie abed, the baths freeze while the houses burn, the living are thirsty while the buried swim, thieves are vigilant while the authorities sleep, the clergy lend money while the Syrian merchants sing psalms… (Deliyannis, 50) —Sidonius Apollinaris (c. 430-489 describing Ravenna as […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Celtic Coinage of Gaul

December 3, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws (Caesar, 1). FOR MOST AMERICANS, “Celtic” means […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of the Guptas

November 19, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. IN INDIA’S LONG HISTORY, the Gupta Empire (c. 319 – 550 CE) is remembered as a golden age of art, literature, science, and culture. Economically it was truly a golden era; Gupta kings issued a flood of beautiful gold dinaras – coins that reflected the prosperity created by the […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of the Visigoths in Spain

October 23, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

Visigoths in Spain By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. …[T]he history of the Visigothic kingdom is one long struggle between the nobility and the monarchy. The kings were supported by the clergy in their efforts to consolidate the royal power and transmit it from father to son, while the nobles strove to keep it […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of the Kushan Empire

September 5, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek ….. During the first centuries of the Christian era, a vast inland empire stretched across Central Asia under the name Kushan. They have been referred to as a super power of their time along with the Chinese, Persians and Romans … Just how and when the Kushan dynasty was formed continues […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Earliest Russian Coins

May 16, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, RUSSIA’S great rivers have served as trade routes, sending Baltic amber, luxury furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves southward in exchange for the wine, silver, silks and fine metalware of the Mediterranean and Islamic civilizations. About the year 860, Riurik[1], a legendary Scandinavian adventurer, was invited by […]

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Coins of the Bad Popes

April 18, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God. THE POPE’S resounding modern titles give […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – The Seleucids and Their Coins: Part IV

April 5, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. The Seleucid empire fell apart as things do – internal failures and others’ successes, inevitability and chance. The epithets of kinglets accumulated, reechoing because the core was hollow… When at last the lots were shaken and the world divided, the kingdom’s west fell to Rome and its east to […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – The Seleucids and Their Coins: Part III

March 11, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Part I | Part II Antiochus V & Timarchus When Seleucid king Antiochus IV died unexpectedly in 164 BCE, he left his nine-year-old son in the care of Lysias, a trusted official. As Antiochus V, the boy’s portrait appears on the coinage[1] with the epithet Eupatoros (“son of a […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – The Seleucids and Their Coins: Part II

February 28, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Part I Antiochus III When Seleucus III was poisoned by his officers in 223 BCE, his 18-year-old son, Antiochus, inherited an empire that was rapidly falling apart. In a reign of 35 years, Antiochus III tried to emulate the conquests of Alexander, earning the epithet Megas (“the Great”). The […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – The Seleucids and Their Coins: Part I

January 31, 2019 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. MURDEROUS AND TREACHEROUS, the Seleucids, a Greek dynasty who ruled much of the Middle East from 312 to 64 BCE, were a nasty lot. But they had exquisite artistic taste, rather like those brutal Italian Renaissance princes who sponsored sculptors, painters and architects who created sublime masterpieces of enduring […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – Heraclius: The Greatest Emperor You’ve Never Heard of

December 31, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Of the characters conspicuous in history, that of Heraclius is one of the most extraordinary and inconsistent. In the first and last years of a long reign, the emperor appears to be the slave of sloth, of pleasure, or of superstition, the careless and impotent spectator of the public […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Ptolemies, Part III

December 10, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. THE TRAGIC AND CHAOTIC last generations of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt were dominated by the growing power of Rome, and the fickle loyalties of Alexandria’s unruly population (usually described by historians as “the mob”). A lack of ancient statistics makes numerical estimates risky[1], but the consensus is that […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Ptolemies, Part II

November 15, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz ….. Ptolemy IV Philopator (222 – 204 BCE) THE LONG DECLINE OF Ptolemaic Egypt began with the reign of Ptolemy IV, who was born about 245 BCE and came to the throne on the death of his father in 221. He is known by the epithet “Philopator” (“Beloved of His […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of the Mongols

October 23, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz …. The couriers of the Khan galloped over fifty degrees of longitude, and it was said that a virgin carrying a sack of gold could ride unharmed from one border of the nomad empire to the other. — Harold Lamb, Genghis Khan[1]: The Emperor of All Men, p. 112 The Rise of […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins, Aliens and UFOs

August 16, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. On the wall of his office in the FBI building’s basement, Special Agent Fox Mulder of the TV series The X-Files has a UFO poster that proclaims: I WANT TO BELIEVE. The sentiment is widely shared, even among numismatists, who are generally a rather skeptical bunch. The “Alien” Coin […]

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Bad Money – Ancient Counterfeiters and Their Fake Coins

July 24, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series on Ancient Counterfeiters by Mike Markowitz …. Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur “The world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived.” — attributed to Petronius, 1st-century Roman satirist AROUND 650 BCE, on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea, coinage was invented. Very soon afterward, Ancient Counterfeiters and their counterfeit […]

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Grading Ancient Coins

July 2, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. FEW TOPICS IN CLASSICAL NUMISMATICS provoke more ferocious argument than the grading of ancient coins. Among collectors of classic American coins the 70-point “Sheldon Scale”[1] is universally accepted as a standard. Machine-made modern coins in the highest grades have literally, never been touched by human hands. Ancient […]

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Monster: The Coinage of Caligula

June 8, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz…. Oderint, dum metuant (Let them hate, so long as they fear). — Caligula THE ANNALS OF THE ROMAN HISTORIAN TACITUS (56 – 117 CE) survived in one damaged medieval manuscript at the Monte Cassino monastery[1]. The section covering the reign of Emperor Caligula is missing, and we […]

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Imperial Wannabes: The Ancient Coinage of Roman Usurpers

June 1, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. IMPERIAL ROME NEVER REALLY solved the problem of orderly succession to power. The “normal” pattern of inheritance in a monarchy is an elderly ruler replaced after his natural death by a well-qualified adult son. For Rome, this was an exception, not a rule. Officially, an emperor had […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Terrible Ninth Century

April 4, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. MOST PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT MEDIEVALISTS would be hard pressed to name one thing that happened between the years 800 and 900. For many Europeans during that terrible century, it was the worst of times. Viking raiders descended from the north, Arab marauders attacked from the south, and kingdoms […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Ancient Coinage of Yemen

March 13, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. The ancient coinage of Southern Arabia is one of the most obscure branches of numismatics. In origin it is Greek; but in development it is Semitic. For the proper study of it a numismatist who is equally well equipped on the Greek and Semitic side is required; […]

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Does This Toga Make Me Look Fat? Clothing on Ancient Coins

January 16, 2018 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. And if any man will sue thee at law and take away thy coat [Greek: chiton; Latin: tunica], let him have thy cloak [Greek: himation; Latin: pallium] also. —Matthew, 5:40[1] LIVING IN A WORLD OF CHEAP, machine-made textiles, it is easy for us to forget that every […]

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The Image of Jesus on Ancient Coins

December 11, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. As with politicians, nothing is more important to gods than image … Perhaps this is the secret of the longevity of the God of Israel, that He never allowed an image of Himself[1]. THE OLD TESTAMENT’S STRICT PROHIBITION of idolatry inhibited the development of religious art in […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Lions on Ancient Coins

November 21, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek…. Hektor came on against them, as a murderous lions on cattle who in a low-lying meadow of a great marsh pasture by hundreds, and among them a herdsman who does not quite know how to fight a wild beast off from killing a horn-curved ox… —Iliad, Book 15:630-636 MORE THAN THIRTY THOUSAND YEARS AGO, […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Heroic Nudity on Ancient Coins

October 30, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. It hardly needs repeating here that the gap between ancient and modern sensibilities is unbridgeable. — Caroline Vout (2007)[1] FOR MUCH OF THE YEAR, the Mediterranean climate is hot, and it makes a certain amount of sense for clothing to be optional. Every bit of thread in […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Ancient Coins Under $100

October 16, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. Aren’t they very expensive? Along with How do you know they’re authentic?, this is probably the most common question that classical numismatists are asked about ancient coins. Well, yes and no. The price of an ancient coin, like any other price in an imperfect market economy, […]

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The Star and Crescent on Ancient Coins

September 25, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. OUR MOON IS SOLID, not transparent. So it is impossible for a star to appear between the points of a crescent moon. But ancient artists did not care about this, even if they understood it. Because the orbits of the Earth, the Moon and the planets all […]

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The Coinage of Aksum

September 21, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. Where the south declines towards the setting sun lies the country called Ethiopia, the last inhabited land in that direction. There gold is obtained in great plenty… –Herodotus, The Histories, Book 2 (c. 450 BCE) FIVE DAYS MARCH INLAND from the Red Sea, on the hilly […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Collecting Ancient Weights

August 1, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. Do not use dishonest standards when measuring length, weight or quantity. Use honest scales and honest weights, an honest ephah and an honest hin[1]. — Leviticus, 19:35-36 PEOPLE ARE NOT VERY GOOD AT estimating or comparing weight. Before the rise of market economies, people measured commodities mainly by […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coins Series: How Ancient Coins Were Made

July 10, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. BRICKS WERE PROBABLY the first mass-produced industrial product. Cast bronze arrowheads, produced by the millions, might well have been the second. But ancients coins were the most challenging mass-produced industrial product in antiquity. The successful mass production of ancient coins required many advances in metallurgy and a complex division […]

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CoinWeek Ancients Series: War as Depicted on Ancient Coins

June 19, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. FOR MUCH OF HUMAN HISTORY, WARFARE has absorbed our resources, energy and creativity. War is much older than coinage. One of the earliest images of war in Western art is the “Battlefield Palette”, a carved slate from pre-Dynastic Egypt dated c. 3100 BCE[1]. It depicts the aftermath […]

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Why Hollywood Gets Ancient Coins Wrong

June 5, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. I have endured what no one on earth has endured before. I kissed the hands of the man who killed my son. I loved my boy from the moment he opened his eyes until the moment you closed them. Let me wash his body. Let me say […]

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Dogs on Ancient Coins

May 15, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. You ain’t nothing but a hound dog, crying all the time. You ain’t nothing but a hound dog, crying all the time. You ain’t never caught a rabbit, and you ain’t no friend of mine. –Elvis Presley, 20th-century American philosopher, covering Big Mama Thornton’s “Hound Dog” […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins, Aliens and UFOs

April 24, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. On the wall of his office in the FBI building’s basement, Special Agent Fox Mulder of the TV series The X-Files has a UFO poster that proclaims: I WANT TO BELIEVE. The sentiment is widely shared, even among numismatists, who are generally a rather skeptical bunch. The “Alien” Coin […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of the Jewish War

April 18, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. The other practices of the Jews are sinister and revolting, and have entrenched themselves by their very wickedness. Wretches of the most abandoned kind who had no use for the religion of their fathers took to contributing dues and free-will offerings to swell the Jewish exchequer; and other reasons […]

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Comets and Meteorites on Ancient Coins

April 12, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for Coinweek …. Ancient Coin Series THE NIGHT SKY WAS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT to ancient people. This can be hard for us to understand, living as we do in a world where light pollution denies us a clear view of the stars. What people saw in the sky – or thought they saw […]

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Teen Weirdo Emperor: The Coinage of Elagabalus

March 7, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. …[To] sport with the passions and prejudices of his subjects, and to subvert every law of nature and decency, were in the number of his most delicious amusements. A long train of concubines, and a rapid succession of wives, among whom was a vestal virgin, ravished […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Janus, God of January

January 4, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. ANCIENT ROMANS KNEW even less about the prehistoric origins of their religion than we do, since we have knowledge from centuries of archaeology. Latin writers of the Classical era tried to connect their own native Italian gods to the prestigious gods of ancient Greece, with their complex genealogies […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Janus, God of January

January 4, 2017 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. ANCIENT ROMANS KNEW even less about the prehistoric origins of their religion than we do, since we have knowledge from centuries of archaeology. Latin writers of the Classical era tried to connect their own native Italian gods to the prestigious gods of ancient Greece, with their complex genealogies and […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Bridges on Ancient Coins

December 29, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. ROMANS WERE PROUD of their bridges, some of the most spectacular feats of ancient engineering. The high priest of the Roman state religion was called the Pontifex Maximus–literally the “supreme bridge-builder”–a title later adopted by the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church. A number of Roman coins depict […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Modern Fakes of Ancient Coins

December 7, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. “To declare that a forged coin is genuine is a mistake, but to declare that a genuine coin is a forgery is a crime.” –Leo Mildenberg (1913 – 2001)[1] FOR CLASSICAL NUMISMATISTS any discussion of fake ancient coins is… a delicate subject. Dealers worry that fear of fakes […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Modern Fakes of Ancient Coins

December 7, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. “To declare that a forged coin is genuine is a mistake, but to declare that a genuine coin is a forgery is a crime.” –Leo Mildenberg (1913 – 2001)[1] FOR CLASSICAL NUMISMATISTS any discussion of fake ancient coins is… a delicate subject. Dealers worry that fear of fakes will […]

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The Global War Against Collectors of Ancient Coins

October 27, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. By including antiquities within the political construction “cultural property” nationalist retentionist cultural policies often claim all antiquities from beneath, or on the soil of lands within their borders as cultural property and of importance to their national identity, and their citizens’ collective and individual identities.[1] THERE IS A GLOBAL […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Two Heads Are Better Than One

September 29, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. THE RICH VOCABULARY OF NUMISMATICS has many terms to describe the things we see on coins. When a coin depicts two heads side by side, the usual description is “jugate busts”. The word derives from the Latin iuga, meaning “yoke”. Think of a pair of oxen yoked together. Jugate […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of Julius Caesar

September 19, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed, that he is grown so great? —Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 1, Scene 2 What makes Caesar so Great? PEOPLE WHO KNOW NOTHING ELSE about ancient history recognize the name Julius Caesar but might be hard-pressed to say what he ever did, […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coins of Julius Caesar

September 19, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed, that he is grown so great? —Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 1, Scene 2 What makes Caesar so Great? PEOPLE WHO KNOW NOTHING ELSE about ancient history recognize the name Julius Caesar but might be hard-pressed to say what he ever did, […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of the Merovingians

August 30, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. The Franks had little idea of the state as a public institution, and the regnum Francorum (kingdom of the Franks), while remaining a family inheritance, was inherited according to the rules of private law, divided on each occasion between the sons or nearest male relatives of the deceased (Grierson […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of the Merovingians

August 30, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek …. The Franks had little idea of the state as a public institution, and the regnum Francorum (kingdom of the Franks), while remaining a family inheritance, was inherited according to the rules of private law, divided on each occasion between the sons or nearest male relatives of the deceased […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: The Christianization of Roman Coinage

August 19, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek…. We speak sometimes of the Roman religion as though it possessed a firm basis, but in fact it was constantly changing, the gods melting away and being replaced by others (Hale, 73). Decline of Paganism BY THE BEGINNING OF THE FOURTH CENTURY CE, the religious life of the Romans was […]

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Turtles and Tortoises on Ancient Coins

July 28, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. A hare one day ridiculed the short feet and slow pace of the Tortoise, who replied, laughing: “Though you be swift as the wind, I will beat you in a race.” … On the day appointed for the race the two started together. The Tortoise never for […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series: Coinage of Pergamon

July 14, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By Mike Markowitz for CoinWeek…. NOW AND THEN IN HISTORY, economic, political and social forces come together in just the right combination to make a particular city the dynamic locus of cultural creativity. We see this in Athens in the time of Pericles (c. 495 – 429 BCE), Florence during the Renaissance (c. 1350 – 1450 […]

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Ancient Coins – Charon’s Obol Coins for the Dead

May 2, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. My advice for those who die, Declare the pennies on your eyes — The Beatles, “Taxman”, Revolver (1966) IN THE HOLLYWOOD EPIC FILM Troy (2004), King Priam of Troy (Peter O’Toole) visits the tent of the Greek hero Achilles (Brad Pitt) by night to beg for the […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – Horses on Ancient Coins

April 12, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. MORE THAN ANY OTHER ANIMAL (except perhaps the dog), the horse is beloved for its strength, intelligence, speed, loyalty and beauty. The earliest images of horses created by people appear on the walls of Chauvet Cave in France, dated to almost 30,000 years ago[1]. People first domesticated […]

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CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series – Coinage of the Phoenicians

February 29, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

By the third millennium BCE, a unique culture was emerging on a narrow strip of the eastern Mediterranean coast that would have an enormous impact on Western civilization. CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz …. A SEMITIC PEOPLE, the Phoenicians developed remarkable proficiency in shipbuilding, seafaring and trade, as the prophet Ezekiel (lived […]

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Bad Money: Ancient Counterfeiters and Their Coins

February 1, 2016 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz…. Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur “The world wants to be deceived, so let it be deceived.” — attributed to Petronius, 1st-century Roman satirist AROUND 650 BCE, on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea, coinage was invented. Very soon afterward, counterfeit coinage appeared, and it has been with […]

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Coinage of Kyrene: A Greek City in Libya

May 5, 2015 Mike Markowitz Leave a comment

CoinWeek Ancient Coin Series by Mike Markowitz…. THE JEBEL AKHDAR OR “GREEN MOUNTAINS” OF LIBYA stretches eastward from Benghazi for a hundred miles (160 km) along the coast. With an average annual rainfall of 15-20 inches (375-500 mm), these limestone hills are the most forested region in North Africa. In ancient times, before centuries of […]

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